ŠOLSKA KRONIKA / SCHOOL CHRONICLE 2010/2

Cena brez DDV: 1.845,23 SIT (7,70 EUR) Stopnja DDV: 8,50% Cena z DDV: 2.002,07 SIT (8,35 EUR)

Š O L S K A K R O N I K A

REVIJA ZA ZGODOVINO ŠOLSTVA IN VZGOJE

Glasilo Slovenskega šolskega muzeja, Ljubljana

Leto 2010 – številka 2

Letnik 19 - XLIII

School Chronicle / Schulchronik

Journal of the History of Schooling and Education.

Bulletin of the Slovenian School Museum. Ljubljana. Slovenia.

Zeitschrift für Schul- und Erziehungsgeschichte. Organ des Slowenischen

Schulmuseums. Ljubljana. Slowenien.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Mateja Ribarič

Ob razstavi »Šolski radio skozi čas«

The exhibition “School radio over the years”

Zur Ausstellung „Das Schulradio im Wandel der Zeit“

Nowadays, when we are constantly bombarded with information particularly via the visual media (television, the Internet, etc.), radio remains one of the more intimate means of communication.

Radio is an important invention of the early 20th century which quickly spread around the world and had a great impact on people’s lives; young people in particular received it with enthusiasm. This development was avidly followed in Slovenia and in 2008 the first Radio Ljubljana station celebrated a very impressive 80th anniversary. As radio had, from the very start, an educational role, the Slovenian School Museum decided to examine this and organise an exhibition on school radio: its development, its characteristics, the role this new teaching tool played in school, and its educational significance. We invited a private collector, Marjan Fedran from Zagorje ob Savi, to work with us and he designed the technical development section of the exhibition.

The exhibition “School radio over the years” had two parts. The first was designed by Marjan Fedran, who offered visitors a time line of the development of radio in Slovenia and the rest of the world. The most important scientists involved in the appearance and development of radio were Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Guglielmo Marconi and Lee De Forest. With regard to Slovenia, Marij Osana is considered to be the father of Slovenian radio. The first radio transmission took place in the United States in 1916, followed by Great Britain in 1920, France and Denmark in 1922, and Germany a year later. In Slovenia, Radio Ljubljana made its first broadcast on Saturday, 1 September 1928. At the exhibition, all the elements of the technical development could be seen, from detectors and a vacuum tube to transistor receivers.

Radio receivers used in schools in Slovenia and around Europe were arranged in display cabinets according to the year they were made. No radios were produced in Slovenia until 1952, when the Institute for Electrical Connections made the first Slovenian radio – the Savica 63. In some countries (Austria, Germany, Hungary and England), special radio receivers were made exclusively for broadcasting school radio programmes. Particularly between 1931 and 1941, very few schools in Slovenia could afford a radio set, so one was often brought to school by a teacher.

The second part of the exhibition was designed by the Slovenian School Museum with the help of numerous external partners. Using photographs, a mixing table and a microphone we created a replica of a radio studio in which, year after year, directors, script writers, actors, announcers and people from various schools and sound engineers would create educational programmes, which travelled via radio waves to radio receivers and reached pupils around Slovenia. We displayed some original scripts and sound recordings of broadcasts (borrowed from the RTV archives; the oldest recording they keep is from 1952 – Peter and the Wolf ­– which was also played at the exhibition), programme plans and other material connected with school radio. This part of the exhibition spoke of radio’s educational role and the characteristics of this new teaching tool in school. The development of school radio in Slovenia chronologically encompasses two periods: the first from 1931 to 1941 and the second from 1947 to 1989.

The school radio system was most developed in England and Germany, where in 1930 two-thirds of primary schools listened to the programmes and these two countries served as a model for the creators of the Slovenian school radio; in 1931, three years after the beginning of the regular Radio Ljubljana programmes, following the example of the West, school radio broadcasts were started with the aim of including them in regular lessons, thus enlivening and enriching the work of teachers. Among the most prominent people involved in this was Niko Kuret, the writer of numerous articles and the booklet School Radio, as well as the editor of school radio during its early years.

Radio proved to be a good teaching tool particularly in geography, natural science, mother tongue, literature, history and music lessons. It transmitted twice a week until Radio Ljubljana was abolished in 1941. It came back to life in the school year 1947/48, this time under the name Radio School, and continued in this form until the late 1980s. Teachers who wished to be assisted by radio programmes were after 1955 also able to follow Radio School’s programmes in the publication Radio in šola (School and Radio), which was published by Prosvetni delavec and after 1972 in the publication Radijska šola (Radio School) , published by RTV Ljubljana.

The programmes covered various subject areas, including musical education, natural and social studies, language, history, geography and technology. They took the form of a lecture, a discussion, an interview, a report, a narration or a play. Until 1956, programmes were made for both the lower and higher stages of primary school. The Radio School section at Radio Ljubljana created the programmes, chose the themes and supervised the broadcasts. The circle of those working on the creation of programmes was very wide and varied. Numerous Slovenian experts in different fields participated as the makers and script writers of individual programmes. All those involved strove to ensure that the programmes were suitable for the current methods of teaching and introduced new features into professional and educational work. School radio proved to be a good teaching tool. It brought freshness, enjoyment, new knowledge and experience to many a classroom, thus improving the quality of teaching.

The exhibition also touched upon present times. At many primary and secondary schools around Slovenia school radio programmes are made as an extra-curricular activity. The programmes are varied, from short messages and announcements about what is going on at the school to different musical programmes and programmes with other themes.

When the exhibition was closed during the autumn holidays between 27 and 29 October, we organised the following accompanying events:

27 October: Marjan Fedran: A lecture on radio development in the world and in Slovenia

28 October: Pavle Jakopič: Reminiscences of making school radio programmes,

29 October: Marko Ljubič: How a school radio programme was made in the past and how it is made today (workshop)

The content of the exhibition “School radio over the years” follows.

Zusammenfassung
Während uns heutzutage vor allem die visuellen Medien (Fernsehen, Internet ...) täglich mit neuen Informationen überhäufen, bleibt das Radio eine eher intime Art der Kommunikation. 

Das Radio, eine bedeutende Erfindung Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts, verbreitete sich rasch und übte einen starken Einfluss auf das Leben der Menschen aus, besonders Jugendliche  akzeptierten es mit Begeisterung. Auch Slowenien folgte dieser Entwicklung sehr schnell, der erste Rundfunksender „Radio Ljubljana“ feierte nämlich im Jahre 2008 den ehrwürdigen 80. Geburtstag. Da das Radio bereits in den Anfangsjahren mit Erziehung und Bildung verbunden war, entschied sich das slowenische Schulmuseum, diesen Aspekt zu untersuchen und eine Ausstellung über das Schulradio vorzubereiten. Diese Ausstellung behandelt die Entwicklung, die Merkmale und die Rolle des damals neuen Lehrmittels in der Schule und die Bedeutung des Radios für Bildung und Erziehung. Der private Sammler, Herr Marjan Fedran aus Zagorje ob Savi, der einen Teil der Ausstellung über die technische Entwicklung des Radios vorbereitete, wurde zur Mitarbeit aufgefordert.

Die Ausstellunjg „Das Schulradio im Wandel der Zeit“ besteht aus zwei Teilen:

Den ersten Teil bereitete der private Sammler von Radioapparaten Herr Marjan Fedran aus Zagorje ob Savi vor. Die Besucher werden mit einem chronologischen Überblick über die Entwicklung des Radios weltweit und in Slowenien bekanntgemacht. 

Die bedeutendsten Wisssenschaftler, die Verdienste für die Entstehung und Etwicklung des Radios haben, sind Nikola Tesla, Aleksander Stefanovič Popov, Guglielmo Marconi und Lee De Forest. Als Vater des slowenischen Radios gilt Marij Osana. Zum ersten Mal meldete sich das Radio im Jahre 1916 in den USA, darauf 1920 in Großbritannien, im Jahre 1922 in Dänemark und ein Jahr später in Deutschland . In Slowenien sendete das Radio zum ersten Mal am Samstag, den 1. September 1928. Die Ausstellung zeigt die technische Entwicklung der Detektoren, der Elektronik und der Transistorradios.

Die Ausstellungsvitrinen zeigen Radiogeräte, die an Schulen in Slowenien und Europa verwendet wurden. Bis 1952 gab es in Slowenien keine Radioproduktion. In diesem Jahr stellte das Institut für Elektrobindungen das erste Slowenische Radiogerät „Savica 563“ her. In einigen Ländern wurden gezielt Radiogeräte zur Sendung ausschließlich der Schulprogramme  hergestellt. (Österreich, Deutschland, Ungarn, England) Vor allem in den Jahren von 1931 bis 1941 konnten sich wenige Schulen in Slowenien ein eigenes Radiogerät leisten, oft brachte der Lehrer deshalb seinen eigenen Apparat in die Schule mit. 

Den zweiten Teil der Ausstellung bereitete das Slowenische Schulmuseum mit Hilfe verschiedener externer Mitarbeite vor. Mit Fotografien, Mischpulten und einem Mikrofon veranschaulichten wir ein Radiostudio, in dem Regisseure, Szenaristen, Schauspieler, Sprecher und Auftretende aus verschiedenen Schulen wirkten. Zusammen mit Tonmeistern schufen sie von Jahr zu Jahr lehrreiche Sendungen für das Schulradios. Über Radiowellen kamen Sendungen in die Schulklassen in ganz Slowenien. Wir zeigten Szenarien und Tonaufnahmen einzelner Sendungen (entliehen dem Archiv RTV Slowenien; die älteste aufbewahrte Aufnahme  „Peter und Wolf“ stammt aus dem Jahre 1952 und wurde auf der Ausstellung vorgespielt). Gezeigt wurden auch Programme und andere Materialien, verbunden mit dem Schulradio.

Der zweite Teil der Ausstellung beschäftigte sich mit der Bedeutung des Radios für  Erziehung und Bildung und mit der Rolle und den Hauptmerkmalen dieses neuen Lehrmittels in der Schule. Die Entwicklung des Schulradios umfasst zwei verschiedene Epochen: erstens  die Jahre von 1931 bis 1941 und zweitens den Zeitraum von 1947 bis 1989.

Das System des Schulradios entwickelte sich am meisten in England und in Deutschland, wo bereits im Jahre 1930 gar zwei Drittel der Schulen den Sendungen folgten. Diese beiden Länder dienten auch den Gestaltern des slowenischen Schulradios als Vorbild; drei Jahre nach der Gründung des regulären Programms Radio Ljubljana wurde auf gleichem Programm nach Vorbild der westlichen Länder das Schulradio gestartet. Man hatte die Absicht, die Sendungen in den regulären Unterricht einzuordnen und auf diese Weise den Unterricht mit interessanten Beispielen zu beleben und die Arbeit der Lehrer zu bereichern. Unter den bemerkbarsten Gestaltern des slowenischen Schulradios war Niko Kuret, Autor zahlreicher Beiträge und des Büchleins „Schulradio“ und Redakteur des Schulradios in den Anfangsjahren seiner Wirkung. Das Schulradio erwies sich als ein besonders gutes  Lehrmittel, vor allem beim Geografieunterricht, bei Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik, Muttersprache, Geschichte und Musik. Bis 1941, als Radio Ljubljana mit seiner Wirkung aufhörte, wurde das Schulradio zweimal wöchentlich ausgestrahlt. Die Sendungen des Schulradios wurden erneut im  Schuljahr 1947/48 gestartet, diesmal unter dem Namen „Radijska šola“ (Radioschule). Das Schulradio wirkte in dieser Form bis Ende der 80-er Jahre.

Die Lehrer, denen die Radiosendungen als Lehr- und Erziehungsmittel hilfreich waren, konnten bis Ende des Jahres 1955 das Radioprogramm im Handbuch „Radio und Schule“ verfolgen, das im Lehrerblatt „Prosvetni delavec“ erschien, seit 1972 dann in der Publikation „Radioschule“, herausgegeben bei RTV Ljubljana.

Inhaltlich deckten die Sendungen verschiedene Fachgebiete: Musik, Naturwissenschaften, Gesellschaft, Sprachsendungen, Geschichte, Geografie, Technik und anderes. Die Sendungen wurden in Form von Vorlesungen, Gesprächen, Diskussionen, Reportagen, Erzählungen, Szenenspielen und Dramen übertragen. Bis 1956 bereitete man Sendungen für die niedrigere und höhere Stufe vor und ab diesem Jahr für die niedrigere, mittlere und höhere Stufe.

Die Redaktion der Radioschule bei Radio Ljubljana bereitete das Programm vor, wählte die Themen aus und kümmerte sich um die Ausführung der Sendungen. Der Kreis der Mitarbeiter bei der Entstehung einzelner Sendungen war äußerst breit und vielfältig. Als Autoren und Szenaristnen einzelner Sendungen wirkten zahlreiche slowenische Experten aus verschiedenen Gebieten mit. Die Redakteure und Mitarbeiter bemühten sich, die Sendungen dem modernen Unterricht anzupassen und Neuigkeiten in die fachliche und pädagogische Arbeit einzubringen.

Das Schulradio erwies sich als ein gutes pädagogisches Lehrmittel. In manch eine Klasse brachte es Frische, Freude, neue Kenntnisse und Erfahrungen mit und trug zur besseren Lernqualität bei.

Die Ausstellung berührte auch die Gegenwart. An slowenischen Grund- und Mittelschulen nämlich sind Schulradios noch heute lebendig. In schulischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft können sich begabte, junge Reporter unter der Leitung ihrer Mentoren die ersten Erfahrungen sammeln und verschiedene Sendungen gestalten: Kurznachrichten, Meldungen zum  aktuellen Geschehen und verschiedene musikalische und thematische Sendungen.

Beim Schließen der Ausstellung wurden während der Herbstferien vom 27. bis zum 29. Oktober Begleitveranstaltungen vorbereitet:

27.10.: Marjan Fedran: Vortrag über die Entwicklung des Radios auf der Welt und bei uns

28.10.: Pavle Jakopič: Erinnerungen an die Gestaltung der Sendungen des Schulradios

29.10.: Marko Ljubič: Wie entstand die Sendung des Schulradios früher und wie entsteht sie heute (Workshop).

Im Weiteren präsentieren wir den zentralen inhaltlichen Teil der Ausstellung „Das Schulradio im Wandel der Zeit“.

Veronika Šarec

Glasbeno-izobraževalni program Radia Ljubljana in šolskega radia do II. svetovne vojne

Music educational programme on Radio Ljubljana and school radio until World War Two

Izvleček

Radio Ljubljana je pričel oddajati leta 1928 in je deloval neprekinjeno do leta 1941, ko je zaradi vojne agresije prenehal oddajati. Članek obravnava razvoj radijske ljudske prosvete in šolskega radia v tem obdobju. Avtorica se je osredotočila na področje glasbeno-izobraževalnih oddaj, namenjenih odraslim in mladini. Predstavljen je programski in vsebinski del glasbenega programa, pri glasbenih oddajah šolskega radia pa tudi nekateri vidnejši predavatelji, ki so pomembno vplivali na njihov številčno skromen, vsebinsko pa zelo bogat razvoj.

Abstract

Radio Ljubljana began broadcasting in 1928 and continued to do so uninterruptedly until 1941 when it halted due to the War. This article deals with the development of educational radio programmes and school radio during this period. The author of the article focuses on music educational programmes aimed at both adults and young people. The article presents the content of the programmes and with regard to school radio some of the more prominent lecturers who made an important contribution to the development of the programmes, which were modest in number but rich in content.

Summary

The initial period of Radio Ljubljana, beginning in 1928, was marked by a programme orientation towards popular education. Programme creators strove to throw light on various areas of life, whilst the largest proportion of the programme consisted of music. The editor Dr Anton Dolinar tried to present to the listeners of the carefully planned programmes various musical genres, thus providing entertainment, as well as an appropriate educational component. The latter was particularly evident in the educational broadcasts on school radio, used by teachers in lessons. The most important such programmes on Radio Ljubljana, which kept growing in number each year, were accompanied by short articles with lecture plans, notes and pictures, published in the two radio magazines Radio Ljubljana and Naš val. With his thorough musical knowledge, the editor Dolinar made a significant contribution towards the quality of the music programmes, which in turn had a decisive influence on the spread of general knowledge about music, bringing the serious music to a wider Slovenian audience. Existing Slovene works were presented, but also some by foreign composers. A major contribution towards the successful realisation was made by the radio orchestra, as well as by recordings of concerts from Slovenia and abroad. On school radio, music was represented on a rather modest scale, but in a very rich way with regard to content. Programmes were made by some of the most prominent Slovene composers and teachers of music. With examples of music, school radio added a new educational dimension to music lessons that illustrated the theoretical lectures and this already hinted at the future development of singing lessons in school. Music was also included in regional programmes on school radio, at various festivities, and introduced at the beginning and end of other lesson broadcasts. In its early period Radio Ljubljana brought a new quality to life. The carefully planned programmes with their exceptionally wide range of material ensured the widening of the horizons of both adult and young listeners and were a welcome companion in the life of all social classes.

Tatjana Hojan

Kaj je pisala Prosveta o šolskem radiu?

What Prosveta wrote about school radio

Izvleček

Prispevek omenja članke v posebni rubriki Šolski radio v mesečni prilogi Učiteljskega tovariša. Izhajali so v šolskih letih 1930/31, 1931/32 in 1932/33. Predstavili so delovanje šolskega radia v prvih dveh letih, literaturo v zvezi s tem in svetovali učiteljem, kako naj se pripravijo na posamezne oddaje.

Abstract

This contribution presents the articles in the special section on school radio in the monthly supplement of the newspaper Učiteljski tovariš. The articles were published in the school years 1930/31, 1931/32 and 1932/33. They described the activities of school radio during its first three years and the related literature, and advised teachers how to prepare for specific programmes.

Summary

School radio programmes began to be broadcast in Slovenia in 1931, under the auspices of the teachers’ organisation Jugoslovensko učiteljsko udruženje. The same organisation also published the educational journal Učiteljski tovariš, which had a monthly supplement Prosveta. The latter mainly included articles on extra-curricular activity, which is where radio belonged. During the school years 1930/31, 1931/32 and 1932/33 Prosveta had a special section on school radio. In addition to the editor and teacher Ivan Dimnik, articles were written by the primary school teachers Josip Ribičič, Vekoslav Mlekuž and Mira Engelman, the secondary school teachers Leopold Andree and Niko Kuret, and the university lecturer Marij Osana. They wrote about the work of the special section for this area in the teachers’ organisation, the broadcast programmes and advised teachers how to prepare for lessons. They also described radio sets and a radio station. In addition, they published the statistics about all the radio sets in Slovenian schools.

Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj

Radio: škatlica, uporabna v izobraževanju

Radio: a “box” useful in education

Izvleček

Prispevek obravnava uporabo radia v izobraževanju; v ta namen so ga začeli uporabljati  kmalu zatem, ko se je pojavil. Način rabe izobraževalnega radijskega programa se je spreminjal z razvojem radijske tehnologije in tudi s spreminjanjem pedagoške doktrine.

Abstract

The article deals with the use of radio in education soon after it first appeared. The way in which educational radio programmes have been used changed with the development of radio technology and changes in educational doctrine.

Summary

After World War One, it was thought that radio would revolutionise education as it would create wide opportunities for including in it the masses, thus improving its quality. Even though these predictions did not come true, radio has since its beginnings held a role in general and institutional education, which, in spite of modern technology – computers and the Internet – it has managed to preserve, not only in the less developed world, but also in the technologically advanced societies. In comparison to other media, radio has a number of advantages which can be successfully used in the educational process. We are referring here to the simple and inexpenssive technology for production and distribution of programmes, short reaction time and the ability to help develop imagination, which is an important component in the development of literacy and abstract thought. We must also not overlook the powerful influence that sound – music and speech – has on people and their emotions. The use of radio in education has changed during the century of its technological progress: from listening to programmes while they are being broadcast, which has been difficult to organise in schools and an inappropriate from a pedagogical point of view, to recording programmes on tape, cassette or CD and then listening to them at a suitable time during a lesson. The newest technology – podcasts – offers even greater flexibility in the use of radio programmes. With the development of telephony, general education programmes, as shown by the data from the USA, have become more popular and interesting as people have the opportunity of directly taking part in discussions with the various experts appearing on the programmes; listeners can thus ask questions, share their experiences and present different aspects of the subject under discussion.

During the pedagogical process, radio is recommended particularly for developing pupils’ listening skills and imagination, neither of which receives sufficient attention in school. However, radio programmes will be able to play their educational role only if they are of high quality. Let us not forget school radio in schools themselves. By creating and broadcasting radio programmes at school pupils can combine the knowledge that is otherwise compartmentalised into subjects into an interesting and practical activity, thus linking school to its environment and to life in general. During these low-cost activities, pupils develop not only cognitive abilities but also other characteristics such as responsibility, respect and sensibility for others, etc. In short, radio should not be dismissed too lightly; it deserves to be considered and used in the education of children and young people, not merely for entertaining them and offering them information.

Zdravko Erjavec

Arhiv RTV – ohranjeni scenariji in zvočni zapisi

RTV Archives – preserved scripts and sound recordings

Izvleček

Prispevek predstavlja razvoj arhivov na RTV Slovenija, ki  imajo dolgo in bogato tradicijo. Pisni in zvočni arhiv na Radiu Ljubljana sta se osnovala leta 1954, leta 1958 pa še TV dokumentacija. V Centralnem arhivu in muzejski zbirki RTV S hranijo v pisnem arhivu številne izvirne scenarije najstarejših radijskih oddaj  iz 30. let 20. stoletja, ohranili so se tudi scenariji radijskih šol iz 60.ih in 70.ih let 20. stoletja. V zvočnem arhivu obstaja najstarejši ohranjeni magnetofonski posnetek  radijske šole iz leta 1955 z naslovom Tatič –avtorja Franceta Bevka.

Abstract

The article deals with the development of the archives at RTV Slovenia, which have a long and rich tradition. The written and sound archives at Radio Ljubljana were created in 1954, whilst in 1958 television documentation was added. The Central Archive and the RTV Museum Collection keep numerous written records of the original scripts for the oldest radio programmes from the 1930s. Scripts for radio school programmes from the 1960s and 1970s have also been preserved. The sound archive contains the oldest preserved tape recording of a radio school programme from 1955, with title Tatič – author France Bevk.

Summary

In 1954, Judita Trtnik and Slavko Jančar established the archives of Radio Ljubljana. Trtnik created the written archive and managed it until her retirement in 1989, while Jančar was involved in the sound archive, the main aim of which was initially to collect records and catalogue them (there were very few tapes at that time). With time, both the written and sound archives grew. In 1958, TV documentation was established. This archive was created by Katarina Udovič, who managed it for many years. The current archive employees are successfully continuing the work, which has changed in so many ways. The central archive of RTV Ljubljana now acquires, edits, selects and preserves exclusively written material of the company’s own production and thus possesses an extensive body of radio programmes (the oldest texts are the preserved Literary Evenings from 1958, whilst the oldest preserved radio play is from 1934). In addition to the text of radio programmes, the central archive and the museum collection also keep varied material from RTV services, radio and television. The Radio Slovenia Sound Archive keeps “MG tapes”, vinyl records and CDs. There are approximately 400,000 tapes, 40,000 records and 26,500 CDs and some DAT recordings. The oldest preserved radio play is on a tape from 1951 – Zvezdica zaspanka (a children’s story), whilst with regard to foreign recordings it is worth mentioning the recording of Emperor Franz Joseph reciting a poem. The RTV Slovenia Archives keep pace with modern technology – the written archive of radio programmes is being rapidly digitalised, as are the sound and television archives.

Vida Šrot

Ankete o oddajah »Radijska šola«

Surveys on »school radio« programmes

Izvleček

Radio Ljubljana je svoj program za otroke in mladino skušal sistematično povezovati z vzgojnoizobraževalnim sistemom, torej z rednim šolstvom. To nalogo so predvsem udejanjale oddaje »Radijska šola«, ki so s tremi zahtevnostnimi stopnjami ustrezale vsem razredom osnovne šole. V prispevku so opisani podatki o poslušanosti teh oddaj med otroki in odraslimi poslušalci, kot jih je v treh anketah v letih 1971, 1978 in 1985 zbrala Služba za študij programa na RTV Ljubljana (od leta 1980 Raziskovanje programov in občinstva). Prikazani bosta tudi ambiciozna zasnova in izvedba poglobljene raziskave o omenjenih oddajah. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 161 učiteljev.

Abstract

Radio Ljubljana tried to systematically link its programmes for children and young people with the educational system, i.e. regular school. This aim was realised primarily through school radio programmes, which with their three levels of difficulty suited all primary school stages. The article describes the data obtained about the audiences for these programmes among children and adults, collected in three large surveys in 1971, 1978 and 1985 by the department responsible for examining public listening and viewing rates of the RTV Ljubljana programmes. In addition, the article further describes the ambitious planning and implementation of a detailed survey about these programmes, involving 161 teachers.

Summary

Between the 1950s and the 1980s, Radio Ljubljana made school radio programmes as part of its activities aimed at young people. With regard to the content and approach, they were adapted to individual primary school grades, i.e. for stages one, two and three. Thus radio with its specific mode of expression and staff contributed to general modernisation, the erasure of social difference and made school lessons more interesting. During this period, the Research Department at RTV Ljubljana carried out surveys on school radio programmes on only four occasions. In 1971, a survey of 1700 people established that each level had roughly a quarter of the listeners. The participants also gave information about the children and young people who listened to the programmes and it is good to see that the target audience represented the majority of listeners. Similar information about the audience size for school radio programmes was obtained during a survey in 1978, which concentrated more on establishing the reasons for listening among adults. In 1974, an ambitious survey was carried out, involving guided listening of 31 programmes in 49 primary school classes. A survey was conducted three times among 161 teachers. They assessed the realisation of educational goals both for the entire primary school as well as for the programmes, and supplied a great deal of information through the questionnaires about the response of pupils to test programmes and on their own assessment of the broadcast content, as well as its ability to modernise school lessons. In 1985, the radio department for researching programmes and audiences surveyed two thirds of primary schools – 570 schools. The survey provided information about the level of audiovisual equipment schools had, about the listening rates for school radio, other radio programmes for children and young people, and radio programmes aimed at adults during regular school hours, supervision and care outside school hours, during the early morning care service and during other organised school activities. It also showed that television for school programmes in Serbo-Croatian, broadcast in the morning, had a larger audience than the Slovene version of this programme, broadcast in the afternoon.

Marjan Fedran

Tehnični razvoj radia v svetu in pri nas

The technical development of radio in the world and in Slovenia

Izvleček

Pričujoči prispevek prikazuje razvoj radia v svetu in v Sloveniji. Omenjene so vse pomembnejše osebnosti-pionirji radia. Podan je kronološki pregled dogajanj v razvoju radia od  odkritij Herza, Popova, Tesle do Marconija, ki je vsa dotedanja  odkritja s pridom izkoristil  ter postal oče radia. Oče slovenskega radia pa je Marij Osana.Omenjen je tehnični del radia, od detektorja do elektronke, od tranzistorja do integriranih vezij, od magičnega očesa do UKV- ja. Prikazano je  tudi avtorju poznano stanje proizvodnje sprejemnikov pred in po drugi svetovni vojni v Sloveniji.

Abstract

The article describes the development of radio in the world and in Slovenia. All the most important individuals connected with radio development are mentioned. There is also a chronological overview of the process, from the discoveries of Hertz, Popov and Tesla to Marconi, who made use of all the previous discoveries and became “the father of radio”. In Slovenia, this role was played by Marij Osana. The technical radio components are also listed, from the detector/receiver to the vacuum tube, from the transistor to integrated circuits, from the magic eye tube to short-length radio waves. The author also describes the production of radio receivers before and after World War Two in Slovenia.

Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt die Entwicklung des Radios durch einzelne Epochen auf der Welt und im zweiten Teil auch in Slowenien. Erwähnt werden die verdienstvollsten Persönlichkeiten (Pioniere) für die Entwicklung der Radiotechnik auf der Welt und bei uns:  Herz aus Deutschland, Popov aus Russland, Lee de Forest aus Amerika, Tesla aus Serbien und Marconi aus Italien, weltweit betrachtet als Vater des Radios und nicht zuletzt Mario Osana, Vater des slowenischen Radios. 

Vorgetragen wird ein chronologischer Überblick des Geschehens in der Entwicklung des Radios, all bis zur Erfindung des Detektors, der Entdeckung der Elektronenröhre und des Transistors (gemeint ist das Halbleiterelement) bis zum Transistorradio und dem Aufschwungs der Radiotechnik. Erwähnt werden auch neue Entdeckungen, wie zum Beispiel das magische Auge, UKV, die gedruckte Version, die Stereophonie. Im letzten Teil zeigen wir ausführlich die Entwicklung des Radios in Slowenien, konkreter werden die Pioniere des slowenischen Radios behandelt, die Produktion der Radioapparate vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs und Radio „Kričač“ (Radio Schreier), das illegal nur während des Zweiten Weltkriegs sendete und eigentlich nie entdeckt wurde.

Marko Ljubič

Sodobna radijska tehnika in kako jo lahko uporabimo za delo v muzeju

Modern radio technology and how it can be used in museum work

Izvleček

Sodobno radijsko tehniko označuje predvsem pojem digitalizacije. Ta se je pri radijskem delu razmahnila z začetkom množične uporabe osebnega računalnika. Pri muzejskem delu pride radijska tehnika v poštev pri ozvočenju in snemanju prireditev ter pri snemanju in obdelavi govornih virov. Za samo urejanje zvočnih posnetkov so posebej priročni odprtokodni računalniški programi za snemanje in obdelavo zvoka.

Abstract

Modern radio technology is marked, above all, by digitalisation, which spread to radio with the dawn of the mass use of personal computers. In museum work, radio technology can be used as the sound system and a recording system during events, and for recording and editing spoken material. For sound recording and editing recordings open source software is particularly useful.

Summary

The world of the 21st century is marked by the constant development of information technology. This has also affected the work of radio stations: audio in digital form (e.g. mp3 and wav files), saved on digital storage devices (computer hard disks, external hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB keys, etc.), is much easier to record, process and rapidly transmit to listeners than it was even in the 1980s, when mainly analogue storage devices and audio players were used (vinyl records and record players, reels of magnetic tape, audio cassettes with cassette players and recorders, etc.).

Computers have also become indispensable in museums, as they are a helpful tool for the very functioning of the museum as well as for the maintenance, storage and presentation of museum material to the public. Digitalisation, i.e. the conversion of audio, written and pictorial or video material from the original analogue form into digital form, also means that this information is at the same time processed and stored on a digital storage device. A very important part of the immaterial cultural heritage consists of audio recordings, which are kept by museums either on analogue storage devices or which have already been digitalised or even recorded using digital recording technology. The latter has recently become very accessible with regard to price, as even small digital recording devices are of good enough quality so that every museum can afford them and use them to create its own audio archive. In the Slovenian School Museum, digital dictaphones are used when recording oral testimonies. They are easy to use and capable of recording quality audio. For the management of sound recordings, open source software is particularly practical as it can be used for new audio recordings and for processing audio files from other recording media, i.e. digitalising audio material stored in analogue form. Digitalisation involves connecting the audio output port of the analogue audio playing device (e.g. record player or cassette player) to a computer, equipped with a sound card and a suitable sound processing programme.

The main advantage of the digitalisation of museum material in general is the accessibility of this material to the professional and wider public for more detailed study, whilst the original analogue material can still be safely stored in the museum depot and only when necessary exposed to any possible risk of damage. The main disadvantage of digitalisation is that, according to the data currently available, digital storage devices (particularly CD ROMs) last a relatively short period of time due to their sensitivity to damaging environmental effects and the constant development of new technology. Because of this, the cost of maintaining and updating a digital archive is not negligible. Another disadvantage is the lack of standardisation across various hardware and software manufacturers, which is expected to become irrelevant with future technological advances.

Pavle Jakopič

Spomini na ustvarjanje radijske šole

Reminiscences of making school radio programmes                     

Izvleček

 Avtor svoj prispevek “Spomini na ustvarjanje Radijske šole” zastavi širše; ne piše le o svojem sodelovanju pri nastajanju šolskih izobraževalnih oddaj Radia Ljubljana v šestdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja kot asistent režije in amaterski igralec, pač pa v pripoved vplete tudi kratek poljuden pregled zgodovine slovenskega Radia do leta 1945 ter jo popestri še z nekaj anekdotami o znanih radijcih, s katerimi je sodeloval (in še sodeluje) že petinštirideset let.

Abstract

This article includes the author’s reminiscences about taking part in the making of educational programmes at Radio Ljubljana in the 1960s, as an assistant to the director and amateur actor, and also offers a short overview of the history of Slovenian Radio up to 1945, spicing up the text with a few anecdotes on the well-known people involved in the making of radio programmes with whom the author has already been working for forty-five years.

Summary

The author, who has been involved in radio for many years, recalls his participation in the making of school radio programmes at Radio Ljubljana, from his primary school years to regular employment there in 1970. He particularly emphasises the role of the director and actress Silva Danilova, who spent decades searching for and trainining young actors for appearances in these programmes. He describes the preparations for and the recording of school radio programmes and remembers an unusual event in May of 1963, when a strong earthquake interrupted the recording of a programme. In addition, he describes the two recording studios for radio plays, and the “live” and recorded effects that are an irreplaceable component of such programmes. The author illustrates his story here and there with anecdotes. The article also offers some key data about the history of Slovenian radio: the official start of regular broadcasts on 28 October 1928, the anniversary of the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian empire and the foundation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs; a description of the first radio studios in a former salt warehouse; Radio Ljubljana’s biggest star, the “radio cuckoo” – the sound transmitted during pauses, which had no competitor at any other European station; and about radio “mosquitoes” – owners of unregistered radio receivers who “sucked” programmes for free.

When Ljubljana was occupied by Italy in 1941, the Italians also took over the radio station, introduced their own programmes and prohibited listening to radio stations from enemy countries or neutral states. This resulted in the illegal radio station Kričač (The Shouter), which in the six months until the Italians confiscated all radios transmitted fifty programmes from as many as twenty-three locations around the city. This was the only illegal radio station offering information to the anti-Fascist public in the then occupied Europe. Its mission was later taken up by Radio Osvobodilna Fronta, the radio station of the Liberation Front, which broadcast from liberated territory in Bela krajina until the end of the war and on 9 May 1945 Radio Svobodna Ljubljana (Radio Liberated Ljubljana) began broadcasting, again using the popular “radio cuckoo”

Marinka Svetina

Radijska šola

School radio

Izvleček

Delček zgodovine našega šolstva je tudi čas, ko so bile radijske oddaje namenjene šolarjem in so jih učitelji neposredno vključevali v pouk. Sprva je uredništvo Radijske šole obveščalo učitelje o programu v časopisu Prosvetni delavec, s šolskim letom 1972/73 pa je začela dvakrat letno izhajati samostojna publikacija Radijska šola in je izhajala do konca šolskega leta 1988/89. Ob predstavitvi te publikacije, ki sem jo ves čas urejala, so se zbudili tudi spomini na čas in na ljudi, ki so s pomočjo radia vstopali v razrede in bogatili pouk v času, ko so bili elektronski mediji šele slutnja prihodnosti.

Abstract

A part of the history of our school system is the time when radio programmes were aimed at school children and teachers included them directly in lessons. Initially, the radio school editorial board informed teachers about their programmes in the newspaper Prosvetni delavec, but in the school year 1972/73 an independent publication, Radijska šola (Radio School), published twice a year, was created and was published until the end of the school year 1988/89. As I wrote about this publication, which I edited throughout, memories emerged of that period and the people who entered classrooms via radio, enriching lessons at a time when the electronic media was only a premonition of the future.

Summary

Through the sixteen years of publishing Radijska šola (from 1972/73 to 1988/89) it is possible to trace the diversity and richness of the programmes aimed at young people. Radio was a medium that brought to schools educational material in a modern and relaxed manner. Cooperation with experts from different fields proved to be successful, as attested by teachers who wanted many programmes recorded on tape. Thus there were educational programmes of all kinds, including one called Unusual Talks. By looking at the publications it is also possible to follow how programmes for the lower, middle and higher primary school stages spread to secondary school and to general educational programmes aimed at children and their parents (in addition to Unusual Talks, there was also Adults think that way, what about us?). There were also language programmes, programmes on the fundamentals of Marxism and programmes created in cooperation with all the radio stations in our former common state, Yugoslavia. This included information programmes aimed at teachers, programmes for the children of Slovene emigrants and Slovenes living abroad. The publication also talks about the emergence and decline of some programmes and the appearance of others. There were too many to mention them all. In this paper I tried to show a fragment of all that is connected with my memories of the time and of the programmes I created.

Bernardka Galič

Radijska šola

School radio

Ivanka Tompa 

Ustvarjanje šolskega radia    

The creation of school radio

Izvleček

V uvodu sestavka sem se (v vlogi učenke) dotaknila spominov na prve ure šolskega radia pri pouku. Poudarek je na “šolskem radiu” kot interesni dejavnosti, ki je bila zame velik izziv. Z učenci, ki so ta krožek obiskovali, smo iskali nove oblike, načine in teme, da bi s posredovanjem pomembnih novih in tudi s poglobitvijo znanih vsebin in dejstev pritegnili k pozornemu poslušanju oddaj vse učence in tudi učitelje.

Abstract

The article is about the author’s memories of listening to school radio programmes during lessons at primary school. It focuses on how the author, as a teacher, organised school radio as an optional activity, attracting many pupils.

Summary

In the introduction I (in the role of a pupil) touched upon my memories of the first hours of school radio during lessons. The main part of the article focuses on “school radio” as an optional activity, which was a big challenge for me. Together with the pupils who attended the class, I looked for new ways of conveying important new content and deepening existing knowledge, thus encouraging all the pupils, as well as teachers, to listen to the programmes. I made school radio a part of the school programme; it served as a bridge between school subjects and activities, as well as a medium among pupils, knowledge and teachers.

Janez Janežič

Spomini na otroška leta z radiem

Memories of childhood years by the radio

Izvleček

Avtor je opisal nekaj otroških in najstniških utrinkov o spoznavanju, zabavi in izzivih, ki jih je doživljal pri raziskovanju radiofonije in radijskih sprejemnikov. S pomočjo šolskih in drugih krožkov so otroci spoznavali tehnološke novosti tistih časov.

Abstract

The author describes some childhood and teenage memories about the knowledge he acquired, the challenges he encountered and the fun he had when researching radio telephony and radio receivers. Pupils learned about new technological advances through extracurricular activities.

Darja Miglič

Šolski radio BLA-BLA

School radio BLA-BLA

Izvleček

Naš šolski radio BLA-BLA ima že kar dolgo zgodovino. Začetki segajo v leto 1994, ko smo začeli s skromno opremo v enem izmed šolskih kabinetov. Preden smo dobili lep, pravi studio, kot ga imamo danes, ko se lahko pohvalimo z že kar profesionalnimi prostori, ki smo jih dobili v novi, lepi telovadnici, smo se veliko selili. Sprva je naš radio deloval v okviru šolske skupnosti, kasneje pa kot interesna dejavnost. Menjalo se je kar nekaj mentorjev, na vsake toliko časa pa seveda tudi učenci. Danes je naš šolski radio BLA-BLA del nas vseh, je živ, glasen, moderen, aktualen, v glavnem »ta pravi«.

Abstract

Our school radio station, BLA-BLA, has quite a history. Its beginnings go back to 1994, when we started with very modest equipment in one of the school rooms. Before we acquired the proper studio we have today, when we can boast of the almost professional premises that we have been given, housed in the beautiful, new gymnasium, we used to have to move around a great deal. Initially, the radio station was used only for making announcements, but later full programmes were made as a part of elective activities. Quite a number of mentors have been involved and the pupils obviously also change regularly. Today, our school radio station BLA-BLA, loud, modern, topical and “the real thing” belongs to us all.

Summary

When I think back, remembering what was done and how, I cannot believe that it was possible. I learned a lot from these relaxed, unencumbered “idealists”. Often I would be so tense and nervous in the morning. But the children behaved as if a party was only just beginning for them, as if broadcasting live relaxed them. It was always them who were calming me down: “It’ll be alright, teacher.” And it was. As they were well prepared for the programmes, they were also confident. We had a good time. I am certain that the pupils gained a great deal, they worked a lot, and spent many hours at their desks and computers, learning along the way. It is like that now, too, the only difference being that they are rewarded for this with a grade. Which is good. But perhaps I am all the more proud of all the generations who did all the work out of pure enthusiasm and whose only reward was praise from me and the other teachers, their school friends, parents and others in our community. Now, they broadcast music during the main break every day and on Mondays also during class meetings. Pupils love these programmes and are sad when they are cancelled. And it is a challenge for them to appear in them. The more programmes they produce, the better they get. And everyone who wants to gets a chance. Which is also good.

Simona Deučman, Matjaž Golija

Šolski radio Piramida (OŠ Franca Rozmana - Staneta Maribor)

School radio Piramida (Franc Rozman - Stane Primary School, Maribor)

Danica Sedevčič

Predstavitev šolskega radia Čvekač

School radio Čvekač

Vesna Lukič

Šolski radio RuMA

School radio RuMA

Jože Rupnik

Evalvacija razstave Šolski radio skozi čas

An evaluation of the exhibition “School radio over the years”